Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām - The Refinement of Laws
Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām(Vol. 4)
The Refinement of Laws
Volume 4 of 4
Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām, compiled by Shaykh al-Ṭūsī (d. 460 AH), is the third of the Four Main Shīʿī Ḥadīth collections. Conceived as a Ḥadīth-based commentary on al-Muqniʿa, the legal work of his teacher Shaykh al-Mufīd, it concentrates on al-furūʿ—the practical rulings of Islamic law—rather than questions of doctrine.
Beginning with ritual purity, it proceeds through prayer, alms, fasting, pilgrimage, commerce, marriage, divorce, inheritance, legal penalties, and related subjects; modern editions are generally printed in ten volumes. Its importance lies not only in the breadth of the reports it preserves, but also in al-Ṭūsī’s method: he places narrations within juristic discussions, examines their evidence, and seeks to reconcile reports that appear to conflict. Tahdhīb is therefore both a major repository of Imāmī Ḥadīth and a foundational work in the development of Shīʿī jurisprudence.
Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām, compiled by Shaykh al-Ṭūsī (d. 460 AH), is the third of the Four Main Shīʿī Ḥadīth collections. Conceived as a Ḥadīth-based commentary on al-Muqniʿa, the legal work of his teacher Shaykh al-Mufīd, it concentrates on al-furūʿ—the practical rulings of Islamic law—rather than questions of doctrine.
Beginning with ritual purity, it proceeds through prayer, alms, fasting, pilgrimage, commerce, marriage, divorce, inheritance, legal penalties, and related subjects; modern editions are generally printed in ten volumes. Its importance lies not only in the breadth of the reports it preserves, but also in al-Ṭūsī’s method: he places narrations within juristic discussions, examines their evidence, and seeks to reconcile reports that appear to conflict. Tahdhīb is therefore both a major repository of Imāmī Ḥadīth and a foundational work in the development of Shīʿī jurisprudence.
Chapter 1
4 commentaries, 12 hadithsChapter on That in Which Zakat Is Obligatory
Chapter 2
9 commentaries, 17 hadithsChapter on Zakat of Gold
Chapter 3
1 commentary, 4 hadithsChapter on Zakat of Silver
Chapter 4
6 commentaries, 18 hadithsChapter on Zakat of Wheat, Barley, Dates, and Raisins
Chapter 5
3 commentaries, 5 hadithsChapter on Zakat of Camels
Chapter 6
1 commentary, 1 hadithChapter on Zakat of Cattle
Chapter 7
2 commentaries, 2 hadithsChapter on Zakat of Sheep or Goats
Chapter 8
8 commentaries, 17 hadithsChapter on Zakat of the Wealth of Children and the Insane
Chapter 9
4 commentaries, 12 hadithsChapter on Zakat of the Wealth of the Absent Person, Debt, and Loan
Chapter 10
7 commentaries, 21 hadithsChapter on Time of Zakat
Chapter 11
8 commentaries, 17 hadithsChapter on Hastening Zakat and Delaying It Beyond the Times in Which It Becomes Obligatory
Chapter 12
1 commentary, 3 hadithsChapter on Categories of the People of Zakat
Chapter 13
1 commentary, 14 hadithsChapter on One Entitled to Zakat Due to Poverty and Destitution from Among the Categories
Chapter 14
4 commentaries, 10 hadithsChapter on Relatives for Whom Zakat Is Lawful and for Whom It Is Unlawful
Chapter 15
7 commentaries, 13 hadithsChapter on What Is Lawful for Banu Hashim and Unlawful from Zakat
Chapter 16
2 commentaries, 8 hadithsChapter on What Must Be Given Out from Charity and the Least Amount That Is Given
Chapter 17
1 commentary, 4 hadithsChapter on Ruling of All Grains in Zakat
Chapter 18
1 commentary, 4 hadithsChapter on Ruling of Vegetables in Zakat
Chapter 19
1 commentary, 2 hadithsChapter on the Ruling Concerning Horses in Zakat
Chapter 20
4 commentaries, 8 hadithsChapter on Ruling of Trade Goods in Zakat
Chapter 21
6 commentaries, 19 hadithsChapter on Zakat al-Fitrah
Chapter 22
2 commentaries, 8 hadithsChapter on Time of Zakat al-Fitrah
Chapter 23
1 commentary, 6 hadithsChapter on Nature of Zakat al-Fitrah
Chapter 24
1 hadithChapter on Distinguishing the Fitrah of the People of Cities
Chapter 25
4 commentaries, 19 hadithsChapter on Amount of Fitrah
Chapter 26
2 commentaries, 7 hadithsChapter on Best Fitrah and the Amount of the Value
Chapter 27
5 commentaries, 11 hadithsChapter on One Entitled to Fitrah and the Least Amount of It That Is Given to the Poor Person
Chapter 28
1 commentary, 3 hadithsChapter on Obligation of Giving Out Zakat to the Imam
Chapter 29
7 commentaries, 65 hadithsChapter on Additions Regarding Zakat
Chapter 30
1 commentary, 4 hadithsChapter on Poll Tax; Jizyah
Chapter 31
1 commentary, 1 hadithChapter on Mentioning the Categories of the People of the Poll Tax; Jizyah
Chapter 32
1 commentary, 3 hadithsChapter on Amount of the Poll Tax (Jizyah)
Chapter 33
1 hadithChapter on One Entitled to the Giving of the Poll Tax (Jizyah) Among the Muslims
Chapter 34
1 commentary, 3 hadithsChapter on Land Tax (Kharaj) and the Cultivation of Lands
Chapter 35
2 commentaries, 16 hadithsChapter on Khums and Spoils of War (Ghanaim)
Chapter 36
1 commentary, 5 hadithsChapter on Distinguishing the People of Khums and Those Entitled to It from Those Whom Allah Mentioned in the Quran
Chapter 37
1 commentary, 2 hadithsChapter on Division of Spoils of War (Ghanaim)
Chapter 38
1 commentary, 12 hadithsChapter on Spoils Specially Belonging to the Imam (Anfal)
Chapter 39
8 commentaries, 39 hadithsChapter on Additions
Chapter 1
1 commentary, 11 hadithsChapter on Obligation of Fasting
Chapter 2
12 commentaries, 71 hadithsChapter on Sign of the Beginning of the Month of Ramadan and Its End, and the Proof of Its Entrance
Chapter 3
4 commentaries, 12 hadithsChapter on Merit of Fasting the Day of Doubt and Taking Precaution for Fasting the Month of Ramadan
Chapter 4
6 hadithsChapter on Sign of the Time of the Obligation of Fasting, the Days of the Month, and the Proof of the Time of Breaking the Fast
Chapter 5
1 commentary, 16 hadithsChapter on Intention of Fasting
Chapter 6
3 hadithsChapter on Nature of Fasting
Chapter 7
9 hadithsChapter on Reward of Fasting
Chapter 8
7 hadithsChapter on Merit of the Month of Ramadan
Chapter 9
7 hadithsChapter on Sunnahs of Fasting
Chapter 10
1 commentary, 2 hadithsChapter on Sunnahs of the Month of Ramadan
Chapter 11
3 hadithsChapter on the Supplication upon the Appearance of the Crescent Moon
Chapter 12
11 hadithsChapter on Merit of the Pre-Dawn Meal (Suhur) and What It Is Recommended That the Breaking of the Fast Be upon
Chapter 13
1 commentary, 3 hadithsChapter on the Words and Supplication at the Time of Breaking the Fast (Iftar)
Chapter 14
5 hadithsChapter on Merit of Volunteering in Good Deeds
Chapter 15
5 commentaries, 10 hadithsChapter on What Invalidates Fasting, What Impairs the Conditions of Its Obligation, and Nullifies Fasting
Chapter 16
12 commentaries, 30 hadithsChapter on Expiation for Intentionally Breaking the Fast of a Day from the Month of Ramadan
Chapter 17
2 hadithsChapter on Ruling of One Who Intentionally Breaks the Fast of a Day from the Month of Ramadan and What Punishment Is Obligatory upon Him for Breaking the Fast
Chapter 18
25 commentaries, 68 hadithsChapter on Ruling of the Traveller and the Sick Person Regarding Fasting
Chapter 19
4 commentaries, 17 hadithsChapter on One Incapable of Fasting
Chapter 20
1 commentary, 16 hadithsChapter on Ruling of the Unconscious Person, the One Afflicted with Bile (Sahib al-Mirrah]) and the Insane Person Regarding Prayer and Fasting
Chapter 21
8 commentaries, 23 hadithsChapter on One Who Becomes Muslim in Month of Ramadan, and the Ruling of One Who Reaches Puberty in It, and One Who Dies after Having Fasted Part of It or Not Having Fasted Anything from It
Chapter 22
3 commentaries, 8 hadithsChapter on Ruling of the Sick Person Who Breaks the Fast Then Becomes Well during Part of the Day, the Menstruating Woman Who Becomes Pure, and the Traveller Who Arrives/Traveller Returns
Chapter 23
2 commentaries, 5 hadithsChapter on Extent of Illness in Which Breaking the Fast Becomes Obligatory
Chapter 24
12 commentaries, 45 hadithsChapter on Ruling of Treatment for the Fasting Person, Kohl, Cupping, the Tooth-Stick (Siwak), Entering the Bathhouse, and Other than That
Chapter 25
10 commentaries, 20 hadithsChapter on Ruling of the Forgetful One and the Mistaken One Regarding Fasting
Chapter 26
18 commentaries, 41 hadithsChapter on Making Up the Month of Ramadan, and the Ruling of One Who Breaks the Fast in It Intentionally and Forgetfully, and One upon Whom Fasting Two Consecutive Months Is Obligatory and He Breaks the Fast during Them, or upon Whom There Is a Vow Regarding Fasting
Chapter 27
9 commentaries, 26 hadithsChapter on Itikaf and What Fasting Is Obligatory in It
Chapter 28
8 commentaries, 18 hadithsChapter on Categories of Fasting and the Explanation of All of Them with Clarification
Chapter 29
1 commentary, 6 hadithsChapter on Fasting Three Days in Every Month and What Has Come Concerning That
Chapter 30
4 hadithsChapter on Fasting the Four Days in the Year
Chapter 31
2 hadithsChapter on Fasting Rajab and the Days from It
Chapter 32
1 commentary, 8 hadithsChapter on Fasting Shaban
Chapter 33
14 commentaries, 119 hadithsChapter on Additions